东海大气气溶胶中二元羧酸的分布特征及来源

大气气溶胶中的二元羧酸因其在全球气候变化中的潜在作用而受到广泛关注.利用2011年5月12日-6月6日在东海采集的气溶胶样品,分析其中水溶性二元羧酸及常量离子浓度,探讨东海气溶胶中二元羧酸的时空分布特征及来源.结果显示东海大气气溶胶中乙二酸、丙二酸和丁二酸的浓度分别为26.0～1475.5 ng·m-3、0.1 ～61.4 ng·m-3和0.1～132.4 ng·m-3,乙二酸在这3种二元羧酸中的贡献最大,为88.3％.东海气溶胶中二元羧酸浓度的昼夜变化不显著.空间分布整体呈现近海高、远海低的趋势.气团的来源和迁移路径以及气象因素影响气溶胶中二元羧酸的分布,气团来自污染较重的陆源时气溶胶中二元羧酸的浓度较高,气团来自清洁的海洋源时,二元羧酸的浓度则较低;阴雾天气时气溶胶中二元羧酸浓度相对较高,降雨发生时二元羧酸的浓度较低.二元羧酸与常量离子的相关性分析表明,自然源和人为源释放的挥发性有机物质在液相中氧化生成二元羧酸是东海大气气溶胶中二元羧酸的主要源,而汽车尾气和生物质燃烧的一次排放、海洋源以及碱性粗颗粒吸收气体二元羧酸不是主要源.液相中乙醛酸氧化形成的乙二酸和长链二元羧酸氧化形成的乙二酸对东海气溶胶中乙二酸的贡献分别为41％和59％.     

基于地基遥感数据的太湖地区气溶胶光学厚度和粒子谱变化规律研究

利用多光谱旋转遮蔽影带辐射计(Multi-Filter Rotating Shadowband Radiometer,MFRSR)测定了我国长江三角洲中部的太湖地区2008年5月至2009年4月期间415 nm、500 nm、615 nm、673 nm、870 nm波段的全天空总辐射、散射辐射和直接辐射通量密度,结合球形粒子的Mie散射理论反演了该地区大气气溶胶粒子谱,并对结果进行了分析.结果表明:受人为活动的影响,该地区工作日和非工作日气溶胶光学厚度和粒子谱的日变化存在明显的差异,工作日上午6:00-9:00时间内,细粒子的生成远大于非工作日这一期间细粒子的生成.太湖地区气溶胶光学厚度常年较高,500 nm波段的年平均值为0.8038±0.7924,夏季最大(0.9359±0.7389),冬季最小(0.6209±0.5500);气溶胶粒子谱表现出双峰分布,一种是位于半径0.15 μm附近的细模态,另一种是半径3μm左右的粗模态,且夏季和秋季细粒子较多,而其他季节粗粒子较多.气溶胶光学厚度以及气溶胶粒子谱分布的季节变化受到气象条件的显著影响.降水过程对大气气溶胶具有明显的冲刷作用,并且降水后大气气溶胶的增加与气溶胶粒子大小有关,积聚态粒子浓度的增加比粗模态粒子的增加更快.     

Homogeneous and heterogeneous reactions of anthracene with selected atmospheric oxidants

The reactions of gas-phase anthracene and suspended anthracene particles with O3 and O3-NO were conducted in a 200-L reaction chamber, respectively. The secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formations from gas-phase reactions of anthracene with O3 and O3-NO were observed. Meanwhile, the size distributions and mass concentrations of SOA were monitored with a scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS) during the formation processes. The rapid exponential growths of SOA reveal that the atmospheric lifetimes of gas-phase anthracene towards O3 and O3-NO are less than 20.5 and 4.34 hr, respectively. The particulate oxidation products from homogeneous and heterogeneous reactions were analyzed with a vacuum ultraviolet photoionization aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometer (VUV-ATOFMS). Gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer (GC/MS) analyses of oxidation products of anthracene were carried out for assigning the time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectra of products from homogeneous and heterogeneous reactions. Anthrone, anthraquinone, 9,10- dihydroxyanthracene, and 1,9,10-trihydroxyanthracene were the ozonation products of anthracene, while anthrone, anthraquinone, 9-nitroanthracene, and 1,8-dihydroxyanthraquinone were the main products of anthracene with O3-NO.     

基于单颗粒质谱信息气溶胶分类方法的研究进展

气溶胶质谱仪在对气溶胶颗粒的监测过程中会产生大量单颗粒的化学成分和粒径信息,基于这些质谱数据能够推测颗粒的来源。而对气溶胶来源的分析,很大程度上是由颗粒的种类决定的,故对海量数据的分类就成为不可忽略的步骤。针对气溶胶质谱仪采集到的数据,概述了用于气溶胶分类的多种方法的理论核心、分类步骤及各自的优缺点等。据此可为今后气溶胶分类方法的研究提供建设性意见。     

灰霾天气成因危害及控制治理

随着经济社会发展、城市迅速扩大和城市化进程加快,大气气溶胶污染日趋严重,由气溶胶颗粒物造成能见度恶化事件越来越多,灰霾天气已成为一种常见环境灾害污染事件。简要概述了灰霾天气定义分级、分布特征与雾霾比较,深入研究了灰霾天气形成原因、影响因素与存在危害,系统探讨了灰霾天气控制措施、监测方法与治理对策。指出在现有灰霾天气成因危害及控制治理状况下,加强理念宣贯,建立预报预警,开展PM2.5防治,推进城区绿化,科学布设规划,可有效解决中国资源节约型、环境友好型、生态文明型可持续发展过程中所面临灰霾天气防控治理问题。     

微生物发酵米糠对Pb~(2+)的吸附研究

利用微生物对米糖进行发酵处理,制备出微生物发酵米糠重金属吸附剂,对微生物发酵米糠吸附Pb2+进行了研究,结果表明,微生物发酵米糠对Pb2+吸附效果好,吸附率可达96.5%。该吸附剂的最佳用量为20g/L。最优吸附条件为:pH4.5,温度30℃,Pb2+浓度不超过50mg/L,最佳吸附时间30min。     

区域空气质量模拟中查表法的应用研究

在自行开发完善的区域空气质量模式系统RegSRRMS中应用查表法,模拟中国典型城市群对流层大气主要污染物的浓度变化,评估该方法在大气复合污染事件预测和控制中的有效性.首先,利用具有国际先进水平的空气质量模式WRF-CHEM中的化学模块建立了包含完善气相化学、气溶胶过程的箱模式WRFBOX.其次,利用WRFBOX进行化学反应敏感性分析,基于影响污染物的重要因子分别建立了臭氧(O3)及其前体物、无机盐气溶胶和二次有机气溶胶(SOA)查算表数据库,并检验其有效性.最后,将此查算表数据库引入RegSRRMS,建立简化的查表算法.利用直接耦合机制法和查表法对2000年3月珠三角地区污染个例中主要大气污染物浓度进行模拟.通过比较2种方法的模拟结果,显示查表法计算效率提高了57%,能够反映大气光化学反应的非线性特征、气溶胶及其前体物的平衡关系,具有高分辨率、高时效性,能够方便快捷地给出源和受体之间的响应关系,结果可靠.在区域空气质量模式中应用查表法有利于大气污染事件的快速预测以及大气污染控制的快速决策.     

Spatial distribution of aerosol pollution based on MODIS data over Beijing, China

With the help of regression analysis,the relationships were detected between aerosol's contribution to apparent reflectance(ACR) derived from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer(MODIS)on board Terra and hourly PM_(10)mass concentration measured at 30 ground-based locations in Beijing for the August of 2003 and 2004.It was shown that there was a good correlation between the ACR and PM_(10)(linear correlation coefficient,R=0.56).On the basis of this relationship,spatial distribution and possible sources of PM_(10)derived from MODIS were analyzed and two frequently heavily-polluted regions were found,namely downtown of the city and the district near Xishan Mountain.These two regions coincidently are also urban heat island centers.The foundings of this paper will be greatly useful for environmental monitoring and urban planning for Beijing,especially for the 2008 Olympic game to be held in Beijing.     

Modeling of air quality with a modified two-dimensional Eulerian model： A case study in the Pearl River Delta （PRD） region of China

A modified two-dimensional Eulerian air quality model was used to simulate both the gaseous and particulate pollutant concentrations during October 21-24, 2004 in the Pearl River Delta （PRD） region, China. The most significant improvement to the model is the added capability to predict the secondary organic aerosols （SOA） concentrations because of the inclusion of the SOA formation chemistry. The meteorological input data were prepared using the CALMET meteorological model. The concentrations of aerosol-bound species such as NO3^-, NH4^＋, SO4^2-, and SOA were calculated in the fine particle size range （〈2.5 μm）. The results of the two-dimensional model were compared to the measurements at the ground level during the PRD Intensive Monitoring Campaign （IMC）. Overall, there were good agreements between the measured and modeled concentrations of inorganic aerosol components and O3. Both the measured and the modeled results indicated that the maximum hourly O3 concentrations exceeded the China National Air Quality Standard. The predicted 24-h average SOA concentrations were in reasonable agreement with those predicted by the method of minimum OC/EC ratio.     

Effects of seed aerosols on the growth of secondary organic aerosols from the photooxidation of toluene

Hydroxyl radical （.OH）-initiated photooxidation reaction of toluene was carried out in a self-made smog chamber. Four individual seed aerosols such as ammonium sulfate, ammonium nitrate, sodium silicate and calcium chloride, were introduced into the chamber to assess their influence on the growth of secondary organic aerosols （SOA）. It was found that the low concentration of seed aerosols might lead to high concentration of SOA particles. Seed aerosols would promote rates of SOA formation at the start of the reaction and inhibit its formation rate with prolonging the reaction time. In the case of ca. 9000 pt/cm^3 seed aerosol load, the addition of sodium silicate induced a same effect on the SOA formation as ammonium nitrate. The influence of the four individual seed aerosols on the generation of SOA decreased in the order of calcium chloride〉sodium silicate and ammonium nitrate〉ammonium sulfate.